The Originality of Levinas: Pre-Originally Categorizing the Ego :: Philosophy Essays

The Originality of Levinas: Pre-Originally Categorizing the Ego Conceptual: Levinas portrays a pluralism of subjectivity more established than awareness and reluctance. He disavows Heidegger's thought of isolation so as to investigate the ramifications of the Husserlian unadulterated I outside the subject. A shrouded Good comprises the Other in oneself: a diremption not to the detriment of the solidarity of oneself. Levinas remains with Nietzsche in favor of life which requires and is able to do no legitimization at all. In any case, for Levinas the totality is burst by the idea that there is a solidarity of self undiminished by its prehistoric obligation regarding the Other, a solidarity of self past totality. This self containing the Other is the amazing quality of the Ego in any case inalienable in Husserl's unadulterated deliberateness. Simply here Levinas' idea is most totally recognized from Sartre's thought of the greatness of the Ego as complete avoidance from the innateness of deliberateness. The unadulterated I is in any case than the H egelian total Elastizit㠤t: manifest and excited, the self tight in its own skin. The transubstantiation of Ego to Other has not yet happened to thought in Levinas, however what happens here is the altersubstantiation of the I. The Other in the Same is a change of embodiment. It is correctly through reasoning the withdrawal of [the modern] substance [of consciousness] that Levinas thinks in any case than being, past pith, thinks an idea profounder and 'more seasoned' than the cogito. Humanity means another picture of the Infinite in the preoriginary opportunity by which the Self shows the Other benevolence. The bend on the here side of awareness is 'a curved without an arched': the cuspidal endlessness of interiority turned totally inside outside the other inside: an interiority without dividers, limitlessly uncovered. At that point straight is the roadway between the cusps of this completely rearranged awareness †better than cognizance †rising above the first ebb and flow of cognizance and reluctance. This single direction immediately is simply the prehistoric contact and other. It is the total nearness which is simply the methodology, without return, from the to the next . This is the methodology †without technique †before any thought of correspondence and intelligent or pre-intelligent cognizance. This adoration or non-lack of concern before all cognizant separation, this chance of being for-each other is simply the duty of the to accomplish for the Other. The essentialness of the tissue to this turning of the self to the Other connotes the greatness whereby the human rises above the other-worldly.

Mayoral Debate essays

Mayoral Debate expositions During October 2003, a bug was found in the civic chairman's office preceding the Philadelphia Mayoral political race. When the bug was discovered the FBI expressed that it was put regarding certain examinations however they declined to express the idea of the examination. That the bug was found so near the political race date has raised the Mayors rage. He has proposed that the bug was evidently planted by the FBI on the side of Sam Katz a Republican applicant. Sam Katz discredited these reports and said that it was about time that the degenerate acts of John Street, a first term Democrat up-and-comer was uncovered. Dubiously, a survey that was discharged after the bothering occurrence demonstrated that it presumably influenced the outcomes making both side of the accounts sketchy. Because of this occurrence, Katz what's more, his rival John Street wound up in a discussion that was The Street Katz banter' held the state as well as the whole nation enchant. A large portion of the country watched the discussion as the topics of defilement', TV' and legislative issues' consistently hold a certain amusement esteem and thusly, a various crowd ended up following the discussion, regardless of whether they had recently discovered nothing of intrigue where legislative issues was concerned. The language, the style, the contention and the real talk itself had extraordinary import as both the pioneers understood that the discussion could represent the moment of truth their professions. Every one of the debaters was keen on attacking to guarantee a solid contention with the goal that none of the crowd considered them to be the crook' party. Governmental issues today is definitely not a straightforward employment; it's a game that has to be played with all the show and grandeur of a Hollywood film. Taking this foundation into account we can acknowledge the expressions of Katz who says, All that has gone on over the most recent few weeks puts a shout point on essentially 100 years of Philadelphia being a city degenerate... <!

Soup Dumplings, Fever Pitch

Soup Dumplings, Fever Pitch Yesterday after work I headed downtown for the evening. First stop was one of my favorite restuarants in Chinatown: Taiwan Cafe. Taiwan Cafe is the best place in town for soup dumplings (very, very yummy). Taiwan cafe in Bostons Chinatown. Soup dumplings are delicious and fun to eat. For more blog entries that begin with great food recommendations, browse on over to Mitras blog (this week: Thai food at Chili Duck). After dinner, it was over to the Boston Common Theater, Bostons largest (and most expensive) movie theater. When I walked in, I saw a big crowd of geeks, and suddenly remembered that this was the night of the super-secret pre-screening of Joss Whedons next film, Serenity (trailer here). Of course, I was one of the many folks who didnt get tickets. Instead, I watched Fever Pitch (with Drew Barrymore and Jimmy Fallon, directed by the Farrelly brothers). There were many great shots of Boston, and I thought the film well captured New Englands passion for the Red Sox, but the love story seemed to fall a little flat. And for those of you who were upset by the changes from the book to movie version of Hitchhikers Guide, you should read the Nick Hornby novel on which this movie is very loosely based (Id say Clueless is a more faithful adaptation of Emma). The largest similarity, I suppose, is between the long-suffering fans of Arsenal and of the Red Sox (and, by implication, Manchester United and the Yankees). Interestingly, both Arsenal and the Red Sox (both of whom I root for) majestically won it all in 2004. In the last couple weeks, though, I have seen some trailers for movies Im pretty excited about, including The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe and Howls Moving Castle. and (big confession here) even though I didnt much care for the book, The DaVinci Code (its got Tom Hanks and Audrey Tautou, not to mention Ian McKellen, Alfred Molina and Jean Reno?!). Which upcoming films are you excited about?

Notes From The Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky - 577 Words

The Underground Man is alone because he has chosen to be; he is hyper-conscious, meaning he is too aware and over analyses everything – his biggest worries are petty compared to what is going around him. As a society, we worry so much about ourselves and our own persona, we sometimes become paranoid. A perfect example is given when the Underground Man is on the verge of having dinner with his old comrades and he notices a stain on his trousers â€Å"The worst of it was that on the knee of my trousers was a bug yellow stain. I had a foreboding that that stain deprive me of nine-tenths of my personal dignity.† (NU 48) He immediately panics as he worries about whether his friends will see it, and goes as far as to consider forgetting dinner because he is so embarrassed. As shameful as it is to admit, we too have reached the point where we are so concerned with out outer appearance that we let it dominate most of our life – there are several instances where we dicta te who we associate with and who we befriend based on their appearance. He is severely misanthropic, marked by hatred, distrust, and disdain toward the human race; he believes himself to be more intelligent and perceptive than most other people, and this contrast with the fact that he despises himself and frequently feels inferior or humiliated. Due to his lack of loving relationship growing up, he goes through life full of shame and self loathing, often falling into existentialism. The Underground Man’s urge forShow MoreRelatedNotes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky1616 Words   |  7 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) was a Russian novelist, journalist, and short story writer that discussed the psychological state of the human soul in many of his works, one in particular is Notes from the Underground; which was published in 1864. Notes from the Underground, had a great influence in the 20th century; the novel takes a man’s inability to communicate with s ociety and uses it to teach readers about the importance of other humans in our daily lives and how that affects the way we thinkRead MoreThe Underground Man Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesNotes from the Underground is a novel written by Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. In this book, Dostoyevsky illustrated his ideals through the words of his literary protagonist, the Underground Man. 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ThroughRead MoreEssay about Fyodor Dostoyevsky636 Words   |  3 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky       Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) was one of the greatest Russian novelists to ever live. There are so few authors, as Dostoyevsky was, who have had such a great impact on 20th century western literature. His works analyze social, moral, political, and psychological aspects of mankind.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. Much of Dostoyevskys life experiences, especially early on, provided much influence for his writings. Dostoyevskys determinationRead MoreThe Underground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky875 Words   |  4 Pages Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novel, Notes from the Underground Man, uses the idea of a modern dystopia by depicting a story that revolves around a distressed older man. Throughout the novel, the main character has a narcissistic belief that he is better than everyone else because of his acute sense of consciousness. His awareness however, also causes him to believe not only are people ignorant to the world around him but that they are also against him. In contrast, critics believe that the main characterRead More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthe recognition that the irrational is there, that it must be controlled to take over. Man’s aggressive nature does tend to overpower the mind, leading to irrational actions. Both Freud’s Civilization and its Discontents and Dostoyevsky’s Notes from Underground show how humans are controlled by their irrational drives and that, as a result, the attempts to create a utopian society are futile. To take a different view of the irrational actions in humans, a cinematic frame of reference was introducedRead MoreKnowing Is Better Than Not Knowing1676 Words   |  7 PagesKnowing is Better than Not Knowing Fyodor Dostoevsky’a novel â€Å"Notes from Underground† is known for being the first existentialist novel. A 40 year old man living in St. Petersburg, Russia known as the Underground Man works as a civil servant, but retired shortly after inheriting money from a distant relative. The Underground Man introduces himself by telling the reader, â€Å"I am a sick man. ... I am a spiteful man. I am an unattractive man† (1). He also says he could never be spiteful and how he couldRead MoreUnderground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky1453 Words   |  6 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky paints Underground man as someone who is tortured in his novel Notes From Underground. Despite everything that Underground man says he is lost and has no sense of his identity. When the character of Liza is introduced the reader gains some hope that the Underground man can find love. Although Underground man ultimately pushes Liza away, he really loved her through his own idea of love. Underground man s hows this love for her through his first conversation with Liza, his tryingRead MoreDostoyevsky ‘Notes from Underground’ Critique Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Notes from Underground† was published in 1864 as a feature presentation of his first 1860 issue â€Å"The Epoch†. â€Å"Notes from Underground† was written by the author during a time when he faced many challenges in his life. Dostoyevsky faced failure in the publishing of his first journal â€Å"Time†, his financial position was becoming weaker and embarrassing. Moreover, his wife was dying and his conservatism was eroded leading to a decline in his popularity with the liberal reading Russians and consequentlyRead MoreThe Underground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky952 Words   |  4 PagesIn Notes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the underground man is a man who is â€Å"living out [his] life in a [his] corner† (2) and is paralyzed by consciousness. The undergroun d man proposes the example of revenge as a way to examine the differences between himself and the man of action; the man of action being a man who can act as opposed to the paralysis of the underground man. The man of action can act, but his position is inconsistent. The underground man thinks he will be miserable regardless

How Important Was the Crown in Maintaining the Political...

How important was the crown in maintaining the Political stability of Tudor England? Tudor England was time of rebellion and turmoil. The head of Tudor England ,the monarch,was responsible for keeping his or her country running well. The crown was the sublime leader he or she ran the government and parliament and therefore he or she were responsible for maintaining political stability during this period. Tudor society was the epicentre of Tudor politics. The power of your words within the political world depended on your rank in the society. Higher ranks had their say whilst low ranking people of the society did what the higher ranked noblemen and earls said. The highest ranks were governed by the Monarch. Henry VII ordered†¦show more content†¦Across the countryside of South East England he constructed 55 palaces and employed Holbein a German artist to create imposing and powerfully striking portraits of himself. These powerful portraits were also imposed on coinage. Coins in Henry VIIIs reign showed Henry wearing his imperial crown. In Edward IVs reign,eve n though he was a mere child,he was depicted wearing full battle armour on royal coins. Coinage was vitally important in maintaining political stability. For the majority of the Tudor population the portraits stamped on to their coins were the only visual image they had of the monarch. If the coins showed a powerful and wealthy portrait of the ruling monarch then this is what the laity would presume the monarch was,therefore this was an effective way of keeping political support of the common people. Even though coins gave the laity an idea of what the monarch looked like,it was still as equally important for the monarch to show himself in person to his subjects. During summer months it was not unusual for the whole court to regularly move from place to place on progress. These processions gave a chance for the laity to to have a glance at the royal person and also gave the monarch a chance to entertain and impress local gentry who did not have access to the royal court in London. Even though these processions were used to gain support from all over England in truth they were mainly confinedShow MoreRelatedIn the context of the years 1485 to 1603 to what extent was the government of England dysfunctional in the mid-Tudor period?3559 Words   |  15 Pagescontext of the years 1485 to 1603 to what extent was the government of England dysfunctional in the mid-Tudor period? During the Tudor Dynasty it is easily thought that the years between 1547 and 1558 were ones of crisis. With the succession of a child and the first woman within England, people have assumed that the years between Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were an unproductive interlude. The mid Tudor period is seen as negative years within the Tudor Dynasty. It is regarded that Henry VIII and ElizabethRead MoreHenry Viii And The Reformation Of England s Church System4160 Words   |  17 PagesHenry VIII and the Reformation of England’s Church System How did events during Henry VIII’s reign cause for a permanent shift in the religious system of England? Hannah Snow Candidate Number: 000784-0009 Extended Essay â€Æ' Abstract: Henry VIII was the King that would change England’s religious system and make it his legacy. The religious system would carry on after his reign and become the predominant religion of England. The question is: How did events connected to key historical figures during HenryRead MoreMing Dynasty and B. Warehouses. C. Essay4779 Words   |  20 Pagestrade had to be conducted on Chinese ships with Chinese crews. c. the governor was occupied with matters related to maintaining the city walls and left control of the ports to merchants. d. the Chinese ships were called dhows. e. Buddhist monasteries took control of trading to ensure fair practices. 4. In the tropical rain forest of western and central Africa, the predominant form of social organization was: a. urban communities linked together through long-distance trade. b. small-scaleRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 PagesRethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, the British Empire, and the Atlantic World in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author(s): Steve Pincus Reviewed work(s): Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 3-34 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0003 . Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the TermsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSaddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes

Ethical dilemma of a patient’s refusal of blood transfusion Free Essays

string(66) " that treats others as mere means, rather than end in themselves\." Introduction In the analysis of this ethical dilemma we assess a case of a 20-year-old, pregnant, black Hispanic female presented to the Emergency Department (ED) in critical condition following a car accident. She displayed signs and symptoms of internal bleeding and was advised to have a blood transfusion and emergency surgery in an attempt to save her and the foetus. She refused to accept blood or blood products and rejected the surgery as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemma of a patient’s refusal of blood transfusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her refusal was based on a fear of blood transfusion due to her religious beliefs. The ethical dilemma presented is whether to respect the patient’s autonomy and compromise standards of care or ignore the patient’s wishes in an attempt to save her life. Her religious values are at stake. The issues concerning her values are the right or wrong of her actions and the acceptance, reputation or embarrassment of her decision in the social world. This case demonstrates dilemmas faced by healthcare professionals caring for patients in critical, life-threatening situations who have divergent views and values contrary to what is offered as a solution to their predicament. In the analysis of the ethical dilemma surrounding this particular case, we make explorations basing on two principle approaches; utilitarianism and deontology. This is in an endeavour to find the right moral balance and/or stand between the patient’s view and value and that of the healthcare professional seeking to intervene to restore her to health. Utilitarian approach Utilitarianism believes that the moral standing of an action, whether right or wrong, is dependent entirely on its consequences. This theory holds that the course of action that is considered proper is one that maximizes utility, maximizing happiness and reducing pain/suffering. In this approach, the worth of an action is only determined by outcome or result, consequent to that action. It therefore is a form of consequentialism (Paul and Elder, 2006). For our purpose and appropriate in this context, Mill (1998) argues that â€Å"the morality of the action depends entirely upon the intention – that is, upon what the agent wills to do.† Intention, in it being a foresight of consequences, constitutes the moral position of the act, whether right or wrong. I acknowledge that what is morally right and best for her in the values that she has expressed, is her religious stand and affiliation in which the medical interventions proposed are denounced. At the same time, however, and under the circumstances, her health risks might lead to miscarriage and there is likelihood that they might also eventually lead her into depression. In the utilitarian view, the young lady in this situation risks losing her own life and that of the foetus she carries if she does not allow the blood transfusion and surgical procedure to bring her to health. The doctors and nurses therefore have to consider her life first. Her circumstance is considered as legally enforceable and specific according to the Bentham’s tradition right (1816), assigning to law the role to define inviolable rights to protect the well-being of the individual (Hart, 1973). The utilitarian approach is a straight forward way to determine the best possibilities for all involved, balancing pleasure over pain for everyone (Paul and Elder, 2006). According to this principle, it is better to maximize equality between the lady and her foetus, and in view of her severe pain, to go ahead and perform the blood transfusion and emergency surgery. With this approach, I assume that later in a better state of health and recovery and after saving her life, she will console and will reconcile her moral stand with her predicament. The physicians therefore have the moral right to override the young lady’s refusal of the blood transfusion. Also useful in the argument and supporting the judgment for blood transfusion that the doctor may (or must) seek to override the patient’s refusal are two ethical principles. These are the principle of non-maleficence and the related principle of beneficence. The principle of non-maleficence requires the doctor to avoid harm where possible (Paul and Elder, 2006). So, withholding a proven, beneficial treatment would likely have the effect of producing harm. On the other hand, the principle of beneficence, which is inherent in the maximization of benefits and minimization of harm (Paul and Elder, 2006), could also be useful in support of the argument for the duty to administer the blood transfusion against the patient’s expressed will. However, this assumption and what society regards as of best interest to the patient should not be determinative of what is ideally her individual best interest. Overriding her wishes and not taking her religious views into account in going ahead with the blood transfusion and intervention might lead to a far worse situation for her. Among the possible eventualities after her treatment is depression, which might result from feeling that she has gone against the rules and expectations of her religion which are very important to her. Her situation might also be worse if she gets eliminated from her church for going against the rules of her religion. She might lose acceptance from her family members and friends. These eventualities might lead to the deterioration of her health, which by taking the contrasted utilitarian approach and our assumptions, we intend to protect. This eventuality will therefore thwart our best intentions. Deontological approach A more appropriate approach, more suitable to determine what is best for her, is Deontology and especially the philosophical tradition of Immanuel Kant. Unlike utilitarianism which is focused on the outcomes, consequences and eventualities of actions, Deontological ethics often referred to as duty-based ethics, are concerned with what people do, their actions. It is the belief that people have a duty to do the right thing, even it produces more harm (or less good) or a bad result than do the wrong thing (Wood, 1999). Kant gives a ‘categorical imperative’ to act morally at all times. One was that it was wrong to act in a way that treats others as mere means, rather than end in themselves. You read "Ethical dilemma of a patient’s refusal of blood transfusion" in category "Essay examples" According to Kant, persons are made special by a distinctive set of principally psychological capacities which includes self-consciousness and rationality, a distinct capacity for personhood (Wood, 1999). This view is founded on two basic principles; first, a person has the distinctive ability to think and to act rationally, best expressed when they behave morally or as a moral community. Secondly, people have dignity and are valuable in a distinctive way, a unique, intrinsic value that has no exchange value. This is in contrast to things which have an exchange value such as a coat whose value is equivalent to the money paid for it (Wood, 1999). According to Deontology, it will be wrong to undermine her autonomy and flout her dignity – treat her as a mere means. It is better, therefore, to respect her religious belief and respect her decision not wanting to have the blood transfusion. Respect for the patient’s principles and her status as a competent adult mandates that doctors should comply with her expressed wishes even if the predicted outcomes are unfavourable or may result in death. It is her choice as a self-conscious, rational adult with intrinsic capacity to evaluate and know what is morally right and acceptable for herself. Morality versus religion For many religious people, and especially those in monotheistic religions, morality and religion are the same – they are inseparable. For them, it is either that religion is their morality or that morality is part of their religion (Childress, et al., 1986). Religions have frameworks of values through which adherents are guided in determining right and wrong. The monotheistic religions derive ideas of right and wrong by the rules and laws set in their respective holy books and by their religious leaders (Childress, et al., 1986). For adherents like our patient, the rules set out and as interpreted by religious leaders are absolute and there are dire consequences for flouting such rules. For most monotheistic religions, flouting rules and values is considered ‘sin’, a failure that leads to punishment in the after-life. The patient in this instance expresses a fear of blood transfusion due to her religious beliefs, possibly a fear of dire consequence such as future punishment. This absolutism and the derivation of values from deity and holy books can hardly be challenged by rational criticism and explanations that seek to give some worth to disallowed practices and procedures such as blood transfusion in this particular case. My personal view There can be different opinions and points of view about what should be done with the patient in the analysis of this ethical dilemma. There can be different possibilities and we may never reach clear and generally agreeable conclusions with regard to what is morally right in this case, with our conclusions and inferences dependent on our varied ideas and beliefs over morality based on varied religious, societal and cultural backgrounds, among other influences. With the well-being of the individual protected as an inviolable right in the utilitarian approach, and since under the circumstance, the patient risks losing her life, risks miscarriage and possible depression as consequences of her refusal of intervention, the doctors and nurses have to consider her life first as legally enforceable and specific. The related principles of non-maleficence and beneficence provide useful support for the argument requiring that the doctor, with the knowledge of the necessity of the intervention, avoids harm by not withholding such beneficial treatment. This makes the assumption that it is for the patient’s individual good that she receives treatment even if her expressed will has to be overridden. Although the patient’s autonomy should be respected as it is her life and at her age she is a competent adult, in this case, she will have to deal with the consequences of the blood transfusion in the future, when in a position of health and when her death has been avoided. This decision is justified based on my opinion to maximize the patient’s high quality of well-being on J. S Mill’s Principles of Utility (1806-1873). Mill (1998) states that the principle of utility does not mean that any given pleasure or exemption from pain (such as health) is to be looked upon as a means to happiness, and so to be desired. They are desired and desirable in and for themselves; besides being a means, they are a part of the end, a part of the happiness. An acknowledgement of the importance of her religion to her is, however, essential and is considered to be an important part of the argument put forth. Her religious stand and affiliation makes her wary of blood transfusion and represents the morally right position for her. I consider that under the principle of utility applied to this context, blood transfusion, if performed against her expressed will, would cause the patient unhappiness and pain in the future. However, considerations of future stigma and loss of acceptance, or depression resulting from her reaction to these consequences are only possible if she manages to survive her current predicament. It is therefore a priority and a greater good, that she receives such an intervention and manages to survive and that her unborn child also survives. I feel that she has a right to be accepted by the church and her family despite the decisions she makes, with the realization in all rationality that the blood transfusion, though considered a ‘mistake’ or ‘sin’, serves to get her to health and possibly to save her life after the accident. It is not an intended procedure that she willingly sought, but is necessitated by her medical predicament after the accident. She wouldn’t have to have the procedure in a state of adequate health and well-being. I would in this case, therefore, appeal for such rational consideration among the people in her social circle, with the acknowledgement of her predicament and respect for her autonomy and individual capacity and competence. I also consider the people she is associated with and her unborn child and the possible impact her unhappiness would bring them in future. I am aware that this conduct of blood transfusion could upset her family and church and cause some conflict within their relationship, but the main subject to consider is the patient. Respect for her autonomy and competence in the decision would make her feel worthy, valued, respected and dignified. Depression could result from either of the choices, if the blood transfusion is conducted or not. This could in turn cause harm to her unborn baby, to herself, and to those she associates with in her social world, who have to live with the consequences of such ill health. This means that whether or not the blood transfusion is conducted, there will possibly be consequences and we have then to weigh the relative impact of either option over the other to acquire a morally right position. However, our assumptions of the best interest for the patient and her good cannot be determinative of her ideal best interests. The consequences from proceeding with the blood transfusion against her expressed will, which we consider less harmful than the consequences of withholding of treatment, might well turn out to be worse for her. Depression and deterioration of health exacerbated by her loss of acceptance in her church and social circle could be terrible for her, worse in her case than the consequences of death or ill health consequent from withholding treatment which we consider to have more harm. Will we, by overriding her will, therefore be undermining her autonomy and treating her as a mere meansAcknowledging that she is a self-conscious and rational individual having distinct capacity and competence, we would and it would clearly be wrong to undermine her autonomy and flout her dignity. She can rationally evaluate the predicted outcomes, however unfavourable, and make appropriate decisions on what is acceptable for herself and morally right. The doctors therefore should comply with her expressed wishes, however unfavourable the outcome. From these arguments put forward in this case, I deduce that there would be more negatives than positives if the blood transfusion is conducted, even with her death and the loss of her unborn child as possible eventualities of withholding treatment. Conclusion The overall and ultimate questions are who is or what is it that determines what is right and what is wrongDo we do what is morally right according to the patient and respect their autonomy or do we go against her wishes and act based on what we as a society feel is morally right according to usGiven that our conclusions are dependent upon individual ideas and beliefs about what is moral and what is immoral basing on our religious, societal, cultural backgrounds, etc., what should we do in line with our work ethics, beliefs, codes of conduct, etc.? In assessing the case of the 20-year-old patient and the ethical dilemma resulting from her refusal of blood transfusion citing contravention to her religious beliefs, I have made explorations of this particular case using two major approaches; the utilitarian and deontological principles, together with the ethical principles of non-maleficence and beneficence to support the various arguments. The utilitarian approach seeks to protect the well-being of the patient as a legally enforceable right as under these circumstances, justifying the override of her wishes to conduct the blood transfusion. This approach is supported by ethical principles of non-maleficence and beneficence, that the doctor avoids harming the patient by not withholding necessary intervention and beneficial treatment. On the other hand, Kantianism/the deontological approach seeks to protect the autonomy and psychological independence of the patient in the evaluation of her predicament and the making of choices appropriate and acceptable to her in her moral standing. This latter approach is more appealing, considering that we cannot assume to be able to accurately quantify the greater of harms consequent from any of the choices of the ethical dilemma. There is a tendency for us to determine that death as an eventuality is a significant harm, and therefore to consider it a greater good to try and prevent such an eventuality whatever the arguments against it. This is especially so with an assumption that she can reconcile her predicament later after she manages to survive and is in better health. For the young patient, however, our assumptions of her best interest cannot be determinate of her ideal good and the consequences may turn out to be a greater harm to her, worse than the withholding of treatment. Her unhappiness from the override of her expressed will in conducting the blood transfusion and possible depression may lead to a deterioration of her health, with suffering and death as possible eventualities as well. With this consideration, I deem it morally right that the doctors respect her expressed will not to conduct the blood transfusion however unfavourable the consequences. References Childress, (ed.), James, F., Macquarrie, (ed.) John, 1986. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. p. 400. Hart, H., 1973. â€Å"Bentham on Legal Rights.† In: Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Paul, R., and L., Elder, 2006. The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning. United States: Foundation for Critical Thinking Free Press. Mill, J., 1998. Crisp, R., ed. Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. pp. 65. Wood, A., 1999. Kant’s Ethical Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press. How to cite Ethical dilemma of a patient’s refusal of blood transfusion, Essay examples

None Provided Essay Thesis Example For Students

None Provided Essay Thesis Stonehenge, one of the great Seven Wonders of the World, but what do we really know about it. What was its purpose, how was it built and by whom. Many different answers come up when asking the question What is Stonehenge?† Behind every great structure in the world, there are the people who made them, and who took the time and effort to design them. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators were dead. The many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built reveal much about the intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations that designed and built the monument, despite the fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology and wisdom that are inevitably require d in constructing such a monument show that these prehistoric peoples had had more expertise than expected. The planning and assembling of Stonehenge took a very long time (about one thousand years, from 2800 BC to 1500 BC*), and not one but many different groups of people were involved in the process. How they came about plays an important role in understanding them. Some of the first men to come to England that are connected to the Stonehenge builders came when the ice blocking Britain and France melted around 10,000 BC. After them, many more groups of people came from the mainland, and had great influence on those already living there. The first group involved in the building of Stonehenge was the Windmill Hill people. These people were semi nomadic farmers, mainly just keeping their flocks of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs, and growing wheat, who had arrived as some of the last Neolithic (or New Stone Age, 4300 – 2200 BC) newcomers in England. Not only were they far mers they also hunted, mined flint, made and traded axes, and could almost be called industrialists. The Windmill Hill people had a very strong religion with a great respect for their dead and their ancestors. They have exceptional collective graves, in the form of long barrows, or long manmade piles of dirt, sometimes 300 feet long. Many riches such as food, tools, and pottery were buried with the dead. The next group to contribute to Stonehenge was the Beaker people; known for the beaker-like pottery they would frequently bury with their dead. These people did not practice the ritual of collective burials, rather single or double burials, and the dead were accompanied by more weapons such as daggers and axes. These single burials were in the form of round barrows. The Beaker people were well organized, active, and powerful, and also probably more territorial. They practiced commerce with other cultures, and their graves give an impression of there being an aristocracy in the socie ty. The last major group to put time into the construction of Stonehenge was the Wessex culture group. They arrived on Salisbury plain around 1400 BC, and were involved in building the most prominent part of Stonehenge- the great stone circles. These people were well organized, and probably less aggressive than their predecessors, while more industrious. The people of Wessex were less concerned with war than they were with art, peace, and trade. In the graves of their chieftains (the only members of society who were preserved for afterlife), were goods such as daggers, bows, and various other ornaments. Their access to such treasures can perhaps be attributed to their great international traders who probably traded with people from the Mediterranean Sea area. They built the final phase of Stonehenge, and perhaps brought about many cultural changes to the monument such as giving the monument visual magnificence and more astronomical precision. It is necessary, in order to understand the complexity involved in the assembling of Stonehenge, to know the process by which and the environment in which the monument was built. By the time Stonehenge was built, the landscape around the area on Salisbury Plain was rather open with more farmland and grazing land, and less forest. Underneath the first few feet of soil on Salisbury Plain there was a substantial layer of hard chalk, which made building rudimentary structures somewhat easier for the people of the era. The first phase in building Stonehenge was that of the earth monument, which consisted of a circular bank of dirt (originally about 6 feet tall, now barely 2 feet tall) with a ditch running along the outside of the bank. There are two breaks in the ditch and bank, forming two entrances, and in addition there are 56 Aubrey Holes, named for John Aubrey, their discoverer, in a circle just inside the earth bank. This first phase, Stonehenge I, built by the Windmill Hill people, took from about 2950 to 2900 BC to con struct. Slightly more detailed than the first, the second phase of building Stonehenge involved the creation of a wooden monument. The postholes scattered about the floor of the monument are evidence for this stage. There seem to have been a roughly corridor shaped structure at the southern entrance of the earth monument, and a more detailed setting around the northeastern entrance. The Avenue, made up of a pair of long, straight, and parallel ditches, was also said to have been part of this second phase of Stonehenge. Stonehenge II could be credited to the Beaker people, approximately between the years 2800 and 2300 BC. The third and most impressive stage of the monument is that of the stone monument. Since the building of this phase extended from about 2500 to 1600 BC, it was the longest and most complex of the three, and was so divided up into six sub phases. First in the sequence was the arrival of the bluestones (the first, and smaller, type of stone involved in Stonehenge III) , and then the arrival of the sarsen stones (the larger, bulkier stones in Stonehenge III), followed by a possible bluestone arrangement. Then the stones were erected to their final settings (after a little rearranging), and finally small holes called the X and Y holes were dug around the outside of the stone circles. The builders of Stonehenge III were the people of the Wessex Culture, most likely in alliance with other peoples. It is understandable, through all of the complexity shown in the monument, that it many long hours to build and much patience and persistence to complete the construction. The bluestones had to be carried 200 to 250 miles from their source in the Prescelly Mountains back to the Stonehenge site. They were probably carried by waterways for most of the route because waterways are safer, quicker, and less difficult. One probable route was that the stones would be dragged to the coast nearest the Prescelly Mountains, then along the coast of the Bristol Channel, and then into the river systems of England, up the Stonehenge Avenue, and toward the monument. The most simple was to transport the stones over land is by having a crew of men to haul the stones on rollers. Similar transport methods were used for the sarsen stones, however their location was much closer as the source of the sarsen stone was in the Marlborough Downs, only about 20 miles north of Stonehenge. There was somewhat of a clear land path for these stones to be carried on, so water transport was at a minimum. But, these stones weighed about 30 tons each, and hauling these stones over 20 miles of hills could have easily used a total of 1,000 men and 7 years to be completed. The sarsen stones were put into large holes in the ground, and joined to their lintels by a mortise-and-tenon joint, and the lintels joined to each other (in the outer circle) with a tongue-and-groove joint. Much organization skills are needed to coordinate such a large number of men to perform the physical labor of constructing such a monument. The effort put into fabricating this monument is incomparable to anything that would be done today. When all of the constructing, refining, and arranging was finished, the resulting structure was extraordinary. There is an outermost circle (still considerably inside the ditch and bank) of 30 of the sarsen stones, each averaging 13 feet 6 inches tall, and each connected by a lintel stone to each stone on either side. Just inside that circle of sarsens is a circle of bluestones, smaller stones which are usually not taller than 6 feet. Inside of the bluestone circle is the trilithon horseshoe, or a horseshoe-shaped setting of sarsens in trilithons, or two sarsens standing next to each other with one lintel across the top. The open end of the horseshoe faces the northeast. Inside the trilithon horseshoe is a bluestone horseshoe. Inside the bluestone horseshoe, somewhat towards the center, is the altar stone, which might not have been used for that purpose. At the entrance to the monument, the heel stone stands just south of the line that runs down the center of the avenue, and not far off lies the slaughter stone, lying on the ground in the break of the circular bank. There are four station stones just inside the earth bank- one that points north, one that points to the south, and two that together make a line perpendicular to the axis of the avenue. The faces of all of the sarsen stones were dressed and shaped, and they were mostly given a convex shape to exaggerate the impression of grandeur one gets when looking up at the monuments. Being that there is little evidence for what Stonehenge could have been created for, other than the people buried there and what we directly observe about the monument, there have been many hypotheses about its purpose, and many of these hypotheses seem to be appropriate. Among the most accepted of these conjectures is that the stone monument was meant to be a temple, a burial ground, and, see mingly the most apparent of these, a solar/lunar observatory. The main entrance of Stonehenge that has the Avenue’s opening, towards which the entire stone monument is situated, points directly at the sunrise on the summer solstice. When standing in the center of the monument, on the longest day of the year, one can see the sun rise directly over the heel stone. This seems to force a viewer to notice the sunrise on the longest day of the year. The original four â€Å"station stones† placed around the circle make many alignments to point to rise and set points of the sun and moon on winter and summer solstices. Noteworthy is that the combination of sun and moon solstice rise and set points could only be collectively arranged in a perfect rectangle at the latitude at which Stonehenge is situated. A few miles north or south and the combination would have to be a parallelogram. In addition to the station stone alignments, each trilithon in the center horseshoe corresponds to certain alignments, as there are two sunset trilithons, a sunrise trilithon, and two for lunar alignments. Not only does this show that the builders and planners of Stonehenge had a great regard for the heavens, but also that they had great knowledge of geometry and science to be able to find exact angle measurements and proportions. It can also be seen that the Aubrey Holes could be used as a system of predicting eclipses. The 56 Aubrey Holes correspond to 3 cycles of the moon’s orbital wobble (The moon’s orbit wobbles in cycles of 18.66 years) and these could be used to line up with various solar alignments in Stonehenge to predict when the sun and moon would be at the same point in the sky. By a system of moving three markers around the 56 positions of the Aubrey holes, when all three were in the same spot, an eclipse was to occur. Within places in Stonehenge, such as the Aubrey Holes and the outer ditch, cremation remains of hundreds of people were found. This i nfers that Stonehenge was used as a primary burial site in the Stone and Bronze Ages. Remarkable is that a great amount of cremations were found on the southeast side of the circle, which is where the moon rises at its most southerly point. The many cultures of the Neolithic and Bronze ages seemed to have a preoccupation with death and the afterlife, and consequently took great regard to having the dead buried properly. In addition, since it is not possible to give each member of a society a proper burial in such a small area, the people must have had a hierarchical society in which some individuals had precedence over others for a glorious afterlife. As a place of worship, Stonehenge shows much detail and substance. Many of the celestial alignments put focus on things that are greater and more eternal than human beings, and these things could very well be the basis of the religion of the prehistoric cultures in the area. When seen from above, the lintels on the outer sarsen circle form a perfect circle that is impeccably level with the ground. Since this cannot be appreciated by people standing on the ground, it seems as if it is meant to be seen by someone above. The fixation with death and the afterlife among the peoples of Salisbury Plain seems to be a religion in itself. Perhaps the sun and moon gods, in being born and dying within their own cycles of rising and setting (and especially the moon’s cycle of growing dark and then bright again), could aid the soul of the human in being reborn in the afterlife. . The strategy for showing their gods of their worth was clearly well thought-out and well planned by the builders and peoples of the Stone Age. The complexity and intelligence of the peoples of Stonehenge can also be seen in surrounding monuments created by them and their neighbors. Most of the enclosures and round barrows in the vicinity of Stonehenge were created for burial purposes, with one or two people buried within them, usually accompani ed by valuables such as daggers, pottery, and in some cases, gold ornaments. These treasures often represent high status or high political position, indicating a structured government and system of beliefs that the cultures of Salisbury Plain possessed. Stonehenge represents the evolving and changing society of prehistoric times that gradually changed into a well-developed society with rulers, priests, and a working and farming class, as well as relations with other cultures from far away with which to engage in trade and associate. The idea that men from the Stone Age were unintelligent, ill-mannered barbarians is far from the truth in the case of Stonehenge. The cultures of Windmill Hill, the Beaker people, and Wessex all thoroughly demonstrate organized systems and communities of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Daniel Defoe EssayBIBLIOGRAPHYAncient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil.Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterward. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197.

Novel Summary The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example

Novel Summary The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Huckleberry Finn is a novel that cannot be matched by any other work of literature. Many people today still believe that it is the single greatest piece of literature ever produced to this day. This novel revolutionized American literature and represented the hardship that many African Americans faced back then. This book has been banned in many schools for many years because of the controversy in it, especially with the use of the word nigger. I believe that the depiction of Twains views on slavery and racism show what it was really like back then and how people were. In this novel, it takes the reader on an adventure into understanding slavery, and change in America. Along this adventure, Huckleberry Finn learns many life lessons and things that he did not know before, only with this help of his new friend Jim, who has escaped his slave master, and his friend Tom Sawyer who Huck looks up to and treats better than himself. One of the lessons that Huck learned along his adventure was that societys view on black people and his view on black people were very different. Since the beginning of the novel Huck seemed to be very accepting of everyone, and he did not want to follow societys way of living. In the beginning Huck didnt want to follow how everyone else told him to live. It started with the widow Douglas. She originally wanted to assimilate Huck into being a normal young boy and to dress and act normal, but Huck didnt want to do that, he just wanted to go out and play with his friends and be dirty with his ripped clothes. In the first couple of chapters, Huck, Tom, and their group of friends decided to group up and become bandits, they said that they wanted to kill people, steal their belongings, and take the women and make them their wives. The boys never ended up going through with their plans to be highway robbers, they just planned and gave up after some time. Huck also went against societys wa ys by not going to school a We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Summary The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Summary The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Summary The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Good Governence Essay Example

Good Governence Essay Example Good Governence Essay Good Governence Essay Definitions of Good governance on the Web: Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. . UNESCAP, 2009. Accessed July 10, 2009 INTRODUCTION OF GOOD GOVERNENCE Let us dismiss hypocrisy and enhance democracy By changing the process to measure our country’s progress -Poem Young People, Take Charge by TakingITGlobal member Exercising power and decision-making for a group of people is called governance. It happens everywhere – from urban centres to rural villages – and the well-being of a community depends on the choices made by people granted this authority. Because of the diversity of organizational structures around the world, people such as land lords, heads of associations, cooperatives, NGOs, religious leaders, political parties and of course, government are all actors granted the power to govern. Good governance† is a relatively new term that is often used to describe the desired objective of a nation-state’s political development. The principles of good governance, however, are not new. Good governance is, in short, anti-corruption whereas authority and its institutions are accountable, effective and efficient, participatory, transparent, responsive, consensus-oriented, and equitable. These are the major characteristics of good governance as outlined by the United Nati ons. : The World Leaders at the 2005 World Summit concluded that good governance is integral to economic growth, the eradication of poverty and hunger, and sustainable development. The views of all oppressed groups, including women, youth and the poor, must be heard and considered by governing bodies because they will be the ones most negatively affected if good governance is not achieved. For good governance to exist in both theory and practice, citizens must be empowered to participate in meaningful ways in decision-making processes. They have a right to information and to access. Although widespread accessibility remains a barrier for many countries, one of those ways is through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications such as the Internet. E-governance has emerged as a viable means to address development issues and challenges because citizens find empowerment through access to information. For more on this subject, please see our page on Understanding ICT for Development.

The Economics of Bio-fuels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Economics of Bio-fuels - Research Paper Example With increasing awareness the use of bio-fuel is increasing. Environmentalists opine that use of bio-fuel sheds less effect on the climate, and decision makers reveal that use of bio-fuel can lessen the pressure on balance of payments. The primary and major emission gas for Greenhouse Gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). When the carbon dioxide goes into atmosphere and changes the weather conditions, the bio-diversity will decrease through increase in temperature. Scope of Research The research will try to analyze how the benefits will accrue to an economy using bio-fuel. The enhanced scope has economic and environmental points of view. Research is in progress around the world so as to explore new paths to solve the environment related hazards that can harm human beings. Scientists argue that increasing usage of renewable sources of energy can stand out as a potential solution to solve environmental hazards. Sustainable development and renewable energy uses share an intimate connection. It is believed that bio-energy systems would come out as important contributors to future sustainable development in industrialized and developing countries. ... The globe witnessed high energy prices in 2000. The bio-fuel was made profitable with high energy prices coupled with low prices of food. The rise in prices of corn can lead to substantial losses for the processors of corn bio-fuels. The emerging markets of bio-fuels will provide new markets for forest resources and the net benefits will get accrued to the local economies. The industries selling forest products are also likely to get benefitted. The negative effects will vary across regions. Bio-fuels can be utilized in electricity generation in the decades to come. The global industry of bio-power will bring enhanced prospects to the economy filled with natural resources. China, India, Latin America and Africa are the major gainers from the energy saved by improved cook stoves. China has saved 40 to 59 percent of its energy consumption by bringing 20 to 30 percent improvements in fuel efficiency. Energy is needed for poverty alleviation in the developing countries. However, with the rise in income levels, a shift in trend of preferences has been noticed. Modernization of agriculture will provide spaces for biomass energy production (Zilberman, Rajagopal, Sexton, and Hochman). The reports of 2007 state bio-fuels replaced 1-2% of liquid fuels and reduced the prices of other fuels by 2-4%. The estimated amount that was saved by the consumers was a resultant of 60 billion dollars. The major proportion of corn productivity was used in generation of bio-fuel. The inventories declined as well. There has been accumulating impact of bio-fuels on prices of food. The World Bank suggested that negative supply shocks and continuing shortages will lead to expectation of price rise. The carbon emissions from bio-fuels can be offset by carbon

Historical perspective on a educational policy memorandum Essay

Historical perspective on a educational policy memorandum - Essay Example This paper tracks the historical perspectives of the school uniforms from the time of inception to the present day. The first uniform policies have roots in England. In the early 13th century, the archbishop in charge of education crafted a universal robe to be worn by students as a simple of identity among students (Anderson, 2002). However, the modern uniforms originated in the 16th century. These policies were initially associated uniforms with the upper class (Brunsma, 2006). For this reason, most of the policies to the uniforms were first in the prestigious schools in England. The policies stipulated for the type of top to wear bottom and even the hat (McCarthy & Moreno, 2001). Because the poor could not afford the uniform description policies provided for what, they were mainly used in private and parochial schools up to the 17th century. In the 1800 however some government boarding schools started using military style uniforms (McCarthy & Moreno, 2001). The government took these children from their families hence, the government saw it fit to give them what could identify them. Therefore, the uniform policies in the US borrows from those in England (McCarthy & Moreno, 2001). At the same time, the uniform policies seemed to have relaxed in the private and parochial schools. Maryland and Washington were the first states to form state policies for uniform in 1987. The policies formed provided for voluntary participation of both public and private schools (Anderson, 2002). The parents supported them as parents show the uniforms to improve the discipline in students and general improvement in learning. In Baltimore the uniform policy formulation was triggered by the1986 shooting in which a student was shot as he could not be identified (McCarthy & Moreno, 2001). With time, many other states followed suit to form policies that regulated the use of uniforms. However started as voluntary, by 1988 over 40 schools

Contrast Media Used in Intravenous Urography

Contrast Media Used in Intravenous Urography Introduction Intravenous urogram is also known as intravenous pyelogram. It is a radiology procedure to view the urine system including kidney, bladder and ureter. Intravenous urogram is roughly examination allows the doctor to see structures like the cortex, renal, calyceal, renal pelvis, pyeloureteric junction, bladder and ureteric drainage. Among the problems that can be examined in this way is a bladder infection, kidney infection, bleeding in the urine, tumor, injury to the urinary tract after a severe external injuries, and several other related diseases. To carry out this examination, special materials required for these structures can be seen in the x-ray images. Special materials that are the contrast media. Contrast agent is injected into a vein in the body and it will be distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, before it is eliminated by the kidneys. Often the contrast agent is injected through the median cubital vein, and images of some of the kidney resulting contrast image synthesis. There are several types of projections used in the trial of IVU. Projections are as full length KUB, KUB on your belly, cross-dim range reduced the renal kidney and upper ureter, oblique to the kidneys, bladder anteroposterior angle of 15 degrees to prevent bladder covered with pubic symphysis and the bladder oblique. Contrast agents can be viewed directly on the kidney immediately after injection and is known as nephrogram. This shows the contrast agent by glomerular filtered before reaching colyceal system. It is important to examine the renal outline, and can detect tumors, cysts or cortical scarring. He also produces initial information about the sign of kidney. After 5 minutes of an injection is given, calyces will be filled with contrast agents, which will then move down the ureter to fill the bladder. Contraindications Contraindications that should be known by the radiographers before any procedure is as renal colic, renal calculi, abdominal pain, abdominal surgery at the latest, after the patient gave birth, and the replacement of the kidney. This contraindication is important to avoid complications that may occur. Patient preparation before during the examination Patients are not allowed to drink a few hours before urogram examination. Patients are also asked to take a laxative to make sure everything is clean from the dirty material. If the patient is taking any medications such as blood pressure medicines, patients can continue taking these drugs unless prohibited by a doctor. If the patient is pregnant, the patient should be told radiographers working. Intravenous urogram was not performed on patients who are pregnant unless certain emergency cases. Patients will be asked to sign a document. This document is carrying all the risks, benefits and all the compilations that can occur. This allows the patient to understand all the procedures of this inspection. If the patient agrees to assume all risks and understand the procedures established, the patient can sign the documents and procedures will be carried out. Precautions before use of contrast media in intravenous urogram The reaction cannot be expected to contrast media, and all patients should be cared for and tidy during the procedure.  Of interest to examine the patient before performing any procedure should not be taken lightly.  This guide will allow the radiographers to carry out the procedure.  Radiographers should know the signs of the various reactions that occur.  There are many steps that must be taken before, during and after the use of intravenous contrast media.  The first, radiographers must know the patients health history.  Secondly, if the patient is a patient who had a high risk, radiographers must use low-osmolar contrast media. Among patients with high risk of the asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, and others.  Next, batch number and expiry date should be examined in contrast media.  In addition, radiographers must ensure that the contrast agents in body temperature.  Radiographers should also check whether or not the package has disterile.  Prior to this contrast media marginal, they should know the correct procedures, checking emergency equipment and know how to use these tools, and check the appropriate volume of contrast, the dose and the correct procedures. Intravenous urogram procedure Urografi intravenous test was initiated by asking the patient to remove clothing and wear a hospital gown provided.  Patients are also asked to remove all jewelry that was found in patients.  Then the patient will undergo blood tests to check whether the patients kidney function is good or not. After that, the patient will be laid on stretchers or x-ray table.  Then, the radiographers will take an x-ray images before contrast medium injection.  Injection of contrast media on the patient through an intravenous.  An intravenous cannula (IV) is inserted through a vein in the patients arm or hand.  Then, the contrast medium injected. X-rays are taken at the times specified.  Several sequences of the film will be done according to the test.  X-ray frequencies depends on the patients kidneys to menurus contrast media.  Normally, the kidneys would normally filter the contrast medium within 5 to 10 minutes.  Pesalit should remain a rest between each x-ray is taken.  Another imaging technique will be used in conjunction with intravenous urogram called kidney tomogram.  This is the imaging pictures of patient kidney in the slice condition. Nurses will assist the radiographers to check the patients pulse, respiration and blood pressure continuously.  Before the last x-ray is taken, the patient will be asked to empty their bladder.  This is to see patients when the bladder is empty. Intravenous urogram procedures completed when all the tracks clearly show the urine pictures x-ray.  The entire procedure takes about one hour. Procedure during injection During injection, radiographers must know where the Radiologist or a doctor may be contacted.  In addition, radiographers must constantly monitor the respiration rate, blood pressure, color and level of patient awareness. Procedure after the injection Radiographers should remain with the patient not less than 15 minutes.  when the inspection was made, check whether pesalit can return home safely or not.  do not allow patients to return if there are any complications. Film sequence Intravenous urogram test is one test that will need to use a lot of film.  This is because the procedure performed and requires much more structure posisisi patients body to be x-ray.  Preliminary film is the first film to be taken to the test.  Preliminary film using a film of size 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm).  The film will be placed under the patient.  the patient would lie with the projection AP abdomen to include the symphysis pubis and diafgram border.  This is to check the patients abdomen was doing inventory and to disclose any case of calcifications of the renal tract.  X-ray beam was centered in the middle of the level of iliac crest.  Additional X-ray taken to determine any akkan opacities present in the patients body.  35 degrees posterior to the renal area.  Preliminary objective was to examine the patients colon and bowel preparation to see patients.  It also seeks to identify the renal position to determine the exposure factors.  It is also to l ook at problems in kidney patients. Then radiographers will take x-ray film, called immediate.  The film will be taken immediately after injection of contrast media.  Film size 10 x 17 inches (24 x 30 cm) was used to film this immediate.  X-ray beam centered between the lower costal margin and xiphisternum.  Patients will be in a state of AP in the area to see renal patients kidneys when contrast is injected.  It aims to show nefrogram, renal parenchyma is opacified by contrast medium in patients with renal tubules.  The aim is to show the film immediate renal parenchyma to show neofrogram phase.  It is also to examine the size of kidney patients will be expanded from the original size after injection of contrast. After 5 minutes of contrast media injected in patients, radiographers will take an x-ray.X-ray called a 5 minute film.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm) used for this film.  Patients in the supine AP and AP projeksinya for renal area.  After 5 minutes of completion of the injection of contrast medium to patients, taking X-rays done full KUB shows the urinary system.  Taking pictures of x-ray taken at this time to determine the patients bowel movement is symmetrical and does not need to modify the technique for assessing needs.  For example, another contrast medium should be injected when the kidney is less opacification.  The purpose of a 5 minute film is to compare the flow of contrast agent by the two sides of kidney patients.  It is also to see the patients pelvis system.  5 minute film is also to examine the excretion of symmetry in both kidneys. After that, the film is taken 15 minutes.  This film is so named because the x-ray is taken after 15 minutes the patient is injected with contrast media.  Film size 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray done 15 minutes after injection (10 minutes after the film 5 minutes).  The aim is to see the renal calyx system more clearly, the pressure is on this film series with kolimasi exposure on renal kawaswan.  Use of pressure rings are not needed when the patient shows any indication of renal calculi and in patients after surgery.  This is to avoid injury to the renal patient.  Perform head-down position when the pressure rings are not used. Then, release film taken after the 15-minute film.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray done after opening the pressure ring or for patients who do not use the pressure ring, the patient should be changed from the head down position to a reclining position.  The entire urinary system and bladder area should look at this film series. The last film was taken in a test called the film post void / micturate.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray performed after the patients bowel to empty the urinary bladder.  The purpose of the film post void / micturate was to assess the patients residual urine after urination.  It is also to see the ability to clear the patients ureter bladder.  It also showed no bladder problems such as tumors and divertikulum. Risk of Intravenous urogram examination Intravenous urogram is always carried out without any risks or problems.  This examination is a safe examination.  However, to ensure that all the conditions are really safe and to avoid any complications, patients should be caring and always sensitive to side effects.  The patient is exposed to radiation.  Rate of radiation received by patients was similar to the radiation received by all the environment for 14 months. If the patient is pregnant, this examination cannot be done.  This is because the fear of radiation can have adverse side effects on the content.  There are also some potential side effects experienced by patients after the inspection but it is very poor.  If there are any side effects, patients may feel hot or itchy and uncomfortable in the mouth after receiving an injection of contrast media.  It only felt by the patient for a few minutes. Patient care Care for patients after intravenous urogram examination is essential.  This is due to revive a patient of any effects after the test.  Radiographers should ensure that patients in stable condition.  Slowly open the needle and clean the place involved.  Give an explanation to the patient for follow-up care after testing is completed.  Ask patients to change their clothes after the completion of the test.  Radiographers should also advise patients to drink sufficient water to remove the contrast media from the patients body. Complication Complications may occur during or after the inspection.  Allergic reaction or allergy to contrast media is a major risk even kidney damage could be one of the complications.  If the patient has allergies to iodine, contrast material, has a problem hives, difficulty breathing, the patient should immediately notify the radiographers.  Detailed information and the patients medical history should be known in order to avoid any complications that may occur. CONTRAST MEDIA Introduction Clinical diagnostic radiology has been developed not only in terms of equipment and techniques used, but the contrast media allows visual structure and internal organs can be seen in more detail.  A dose of contrast media used in x-ray usually contains 2000 times as much iodine content of iodine in the body.  However, iodine contained in the contrast media will be removed in a natural system immediately.  Generally no side effects occur.  Selection of contrast media has always been a problem, but actually it depends on the radiologist itself.  To make rational decisions about the choice of contrast media have a high understanding of the principles of physical and physiological needed. Why contras media is necessary? The level of attenuation of all the patients affected by the atomic number of factors involved.  If there is such a large density difference between the heart muscle and the air in the lungs, the lines of the structure can be seen on radiographs as a natural contrast exists.  Similarly, if there are differences in the number of atoms between two tissues like muscle and bone.  Muscles consist of low atomic number instead of bone consists of calcium and has a high atomic number of lebiih.  Line structure can be seen because of the natural contrast.  But if the two organs that have the density and atomic number is not much difference, it is not possible to distinguish the structure of the organ in the radiograph because the contrast does not exist naturally. So, no way we could see the blood vessels in an organ or internal structure of the kidneys without the use of other substances or change the contrast.  Two important factors can be changed is the density and atomic number of an organ structure.  Number of atomic structure is hollow as the blood vessels can be added or promoted by filling the liquid has a higher atomic number such as iodine contained in the contrast media. Type of contrast media There are several types of contrast media used.  Contrast media can be differentiated based on the modality used.  Although there are various types of contrast media, the type often used is based on its x-ray attenuation and magnetic resonance signals.Contrast media can be divided into two positive contrast media and contrast media is negative.  Contrast material is used to enhance x-ray attenuation.  Positive contrast media materials give the white in the image. While the media are negative contrast material was used to portray the image black.Gadolinium is used in magnetic resonance signal as MRI contrast agents.  Gadolinium enhance the quality of MRI scans.  There are two types of positive contrast material is used in an x-ray of barium and iodine.  There are many types of existing iodine contrast media with different viscosities, osmolariti and iodine content. a) Non-iodine contrast media Medium contrast material is a white powder that was insoluble.  The powder is mixed with water and a few other extra components to make a mixture of contrast material. This material is generally only used in the digestive tract.  Normally this type of contrast medium ingested or given by enema.  Upon examination, this material will be removed from the body with dirty materials.  Non-iodine dimer is the best choice for a low toxic content.  However, non-iodine dimer has a higher price. b) Iodine contrast media Materials iodine contrast media is soluble in water and is not harmful to the body.Contrast materials are widely sold as a solution of clear, colorless liquid.  Concentrations are usually expressed in mg / ml.  Iodine contrast material is used almost in every human body.  Iodine contrast media is divided into three.  Contrast media containing iodine oil, iodine contrast media and water-soluble contrast media are not water soluble. Microbubbles were a contrast agent used to help sonographic echocardiogram.  These bubbles of nitrogen and supported by proteins, lipids or polymers.  Decrease in density between gas and liquid surrounding the bubble and will reflect back ultrasound.  This process causes the resulting image can be seen clearly. Effect of contrast media Contrast media are safe to use, but some health problems associated with some of the contrast media.  Reactions vary about the danger of death, with approximately 0.9 deaths per 100 000 cases.  These factors are invited to this dangerous reactions, including a strong allergy, asthma and heart disease bronchiol.  There are many misconceptions that exist among the professionals is the contrast between the media associated with allergic reactions to seafood because they both have the iodine content in it. However, few studies have been made and indicated that while iodine is a substance often used in contrast media, but it was not the cause of the allergy but it is better for patients with a history of other allergies.  However, there are also some patients reactions to contrast media.  Examples of such reactions are nausea or vomiting, feeling hot all over the body, while itching, sneezing, sometimes shortness of breath and hypotension.  Actual reactions depending on the patients own resistance. Way of contrast media given 1) Through Oral Contrast media is given by mouth by drinking or swallowing of contrast media.  Normally it is barium sulfate.  Giving oral contrast media will affect where the stomach will look white on x-ray film.  Contrast media containing barium sulfate is not harmful.  Barium sulfate is excreted out in a day or two days.  In all cases, the use of contrast media is not advised for pregnant women because of lack of conclusive evidence about how safe contrast media in pregnancy.  However, if this type of examination can save lives, the risks should be weighed again on a case-by-case. 2) Through Anal (small intestine and large intestine) Contrast media through the rectum or anal granted. Contrast media is inserted into the rectum with the help of rectal catheter. Rectal contrast media through which this will affect the large intestine will look white on x-ray film. In this way, the various organs or structures can be viewed and studied. 3) Through intravascular Contrast media is given by intravascular injection. Often, the material used is iodine-based contrast media. Most patients can be detained and given an injection of contrast media quickly removed from the body without adverse side effects. Iodine-based contrast media caused a warm feeling when injected. Sometimes patients may feel sick after receiving the injections. Therefore, patients are always advised not to take any food before any radiological examinations requiring contrast media. Rarely, iodine-based contrast media may cause an allergic reaction. Gadolinium contrast media are also given in the form of magnetic resonance imaging during the injection. Contrast medium is working to enable the organs that have good blood supply appears white on the MRI images. Selection of contrast media Radiologist choose the type of contrast media based on experience and knowledge. They choose the type of contrast media depends on the patients condition. To make decisions, various factors including clinical factors and financial factors are also considered to assist in making a selection. Royal College of Radiologist provide some guidance. Among the patients who are at high risk of reaction. Among them are children, the elderly, diabetics, patients suffering from asthma, and patients with allergies. In this group, 25% of patients were recommended for the test. How the contrast media used There are a number of radiological examinations using contrast media. Volume, different types of contrast media for each patient depending on the type of inspection and the need Radiologist. Angiography Angiography is the examination carried out to examine the blood vessels. Selection of arteriography and venography depending on what type of blood vessels to be inspected. Either vein or artery. Arteriography For arteriography, the contrast media through the catheter used in the arteries. Blood flow will lead to the loss of contrast media. With this, the image of the artery can be seen in organs or in other parts division. Venography For venography, contrast medium injected into the vein and vein travel throughout the body can be seen. The greater the size and number of veins in the body, the more positions that need to be made by radiographers to obtain images of veins throughout the body. Normally venography performed to confirm the patient has deep vein thrombosis. In the leg, venography was also performed on the organs in the body by inserting the contrast medium into the organ via the venous catheter. Intravenous urography (IVU) Intravenous urography is a check for a urinary tract. When an intravenous injected, most of the contrast media to be secreted by the kidneys. This inspection is performed to check whether there is any kidney stones or other kidney problems. Computer tomography (ICT) An electronic, ICT has a better contrast sensitivity. But it cannot create a contrast which does not exist naturally. A total of 43% of CT procedures using contrast media. CT is widely used in the body but are often used for examination of neurons as the brain and spinal cord. It is also used for examining the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. It is also useful for examining the tumor. Myelography Spinal cord and major nerves can not be displayed by x-ray without the use of contrast media. Spinal cord and other nerves can be displayed using MRI. Images can be produced if the contrast medium injected into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Contrast media have been created specifically for this examination. The majority of myelography made to examine the lumbar to confirm any clinical problems such as intervertebral disc out of the home. However, CT and MRI now has replaced myelography as the research lumbar. Myelography with CT scan was used to investigate spinal cord and cervical areas. Inspection of other There are several other examinations in which contrast media are needed. As an example of the contrast medium is introduced to the structure of such joints to study the anatomy and pathology. Iodine containing contrast media when given orally, it can be used to examine organs such as the small intestines. Responsibilities of radiographers Radiographers should be sensitive to the needs of patients are willing to help and should have a responsible attitude. Always willing to help the state to face and deal with an emergency procedure, especially when contrast media. Clearly and accurately describes the procedure of contrast media using language easily understood by patients. Cooperation of the two parties to produce a successful procedure. Conclusion In conclusion, much needed in the media kontas produces images that are clearer and brighter because it has the properties of radio-opect less penetrated by x-ray. It will also be a dangerous to the patient if the radiographers to take it easy patient safety.

Perfect Competition V. Monopolies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the American Economy, business is controlled by the government and the consumer. When a person is the owner of a business that is alone in its product that it provides for the consumer, it is said to be a monopoly. As a monopoly you have sole control over price. Monopolies are regulated by the government in order to prevent the misuse of power that a monopoly has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a person can only get turkey, for example from one store. Then the store can charge a lot more for that turkey than it could if the store next door was selling it too because then there would be competition. Also, the store would not have to produce a better quality of turkey because there would be no reason for it to do so. In this situation the consumer is taken unfair advantage of by the business owner, in this case the store. Government regulates monopolies to promote a perfect competition economy and to get rid of the â€Å"turkey situation† discussed above. The benefits of a perfect competition economy benefit consumers. For example, if we go back to the store, in a perfect competition economy all of the stores have turkey. Now the stores want to make sure that the turkey that they sell is the best turkey and cost the least. In this situation they are competing for the consumer’s business. However, business owners of a monopoly situation disagree with the government. When there is a business that has the potential to become a monopoly the government watches it very closely and the business has to go through the government for mergers and such. The more the business becomes a monopoly, the more the government says no to the business’s requests. For example, there is Microsoft. The government has been working to keep Microsoft from being the big business that it is today.

Moral philosophy

In the film entitled ‘Liar Liar’ scripted by Paul Guay and Stephen Mazur, there several charaters who feature. These include such people as Fletcher Reede’s acting as Jimmy Carey, Justin cooper acting as Max, Maura Tierney as Reed’s estranged wife, and Jenniffer Tilly among others (www.totalfilm.com ). The movie is about smooth-talking attorney and habitual liar, manipulating his way to the helm of his job a local law company through winning great challenging cases. In the course of the film we find his son celebrating his fifth birthday. The son is seen at one time trying to encourage his father to lies.  Ã‚   This is because it is portrayed that this main character has lived and earned his career through lies. It is not clear whether that he will be able to win a case involving a character by the name Samantha Cole whose cases is on infidelity. The main character is also faced with the challenge of stopping his ex-wife taking his son to live with her in Boston. Through the application of lies Carrey survives in his career without the web of lies on which his career depends. In the movie Liar Liar, though clouded in comic laughter, there are several incidences whereby some acts are portrayed as immoral. The main character in this film in his endeavors to push his career up, he did some things which proved to be immoral. He pursued his cases based on a web of lies which worked wonders for. Though to him this was a success the acts were in themselves immoral. Based on Kant’s moral philosophy which states that an action is immoral not by virtue of its consequences but by the actual intentions of the actions. Kant further argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality which he describes as â€Å"Categorical Imperative† (CI). In this case immorality will entail a violation of the categorical imperative and is therefore not rational (http://www.uchile.cl/bioetica/doc/honesty.htm). To be straight to the point, it is clear that we are commanded to exercise our wills in a particular manner and not to do some actions or others. It is therefore categorical in the course of applying to us unreservedly, or merely because we possesses rational wills. This is true because without indication to any ends that we might or might not have (http://www.uchile.cl/bioetica/doc/honesty.htm). Like his predecessors, Kant argues that moral requirements are based on standards of rationality which are either desire-based instrumental principles of rationality or based on pother rational intuitions. According to the film the main character acts against his duty of being honest to his clients and the public. This is against his duty to which he is called to. According to Kant, this is the only moral motive. In order to act morally people should to what is right guided by a sense of duty (www.answerbag.co.uk/q_view/398707). To conclude the movie gives us a picture of how people behave during their day to day life. During such times they go about doing things which to them are perceived as moral yet in actual sense do not constitute morality. The philosopher in this case i.e. Kant gives the true picture of what is moral and not moral. Works cited Truth and true professional, available at:   http://www.uchile.cl/bioetica/doc/honesty.htm, assessed on April 6, 2008 Kant: the moral order, available at: http://www.uchile.cl/bioetica/doc/honesty.htm, assessed on April 6, 2008 What is the basis of your moral philosophy?, available at: www.answerbag.co.uk/q_view/398707 – 65k – assessed on April 6, 2008 Liar Liar – film review, available at: www.totalfilm.com, assessed on April 6, 2008 Moral Philosophy I think that moral philosophy of Jeremy Bentham is the best suited for business and decision-making. Bentham’s philosophy is based on three principles of the greatest happiness, universal egoism and artificial identification of one’s interests. His philosophy is also referred to as utilitarianism. For example, Bentham argues: â€Å"By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness†. I think that in our tough and often hostile business environment it is better to be universal egoism because in such a way you remain strong and steadfast defending your positions at the market place. The principle of greatest happiness can be interpreted in the way that company’s success makes leadership happy. Actually, Bentham philosophy is rational and logical, therefore, it is the best suited for our rational world. Bentham emphasizes the usefulness of things and actions meaning that everything should have its own place and purpose because it will lead to general happiness. Bentham approach is naturalistic as he promotes universal hedonism. He assumes that the primary motivators are pleasure and pain. The same is in business – when pain is felt, leadership and team do their best to cure the pain. Bentham also argues that humans are always seeking for the greatest happiness because their interests are interrelated with interests of other humans. Bentham’s moral philosophy held the advantage as the principle of utility is very popular. Compared to other principles, the principle of utility is very velar and enables decisions to be made where there is a need to solve the conflict of legitimate interests. Bentham’s philosophy is a fundamental commitment to human equality. Bentham’s principle of utility suggests that â€Å"one man is worth just the same as another man†. References Jeremy Bentham. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bentham.htm#H4                      Moral Philosophy In my opinion, David Hume’s moral philosophy is the best suited for business and decision-making process because it proclaims the principles justice, charity, benevolence, and patience. Moreover, Hume argues that ethics should play important role in decision-making process as it gives thinkers an opportunity to make such a decision won’t oppose anybody’s suggestions or preferences. He says that moral agent is motivated by character traits which nature is either virtuous or vicious. If a person is willing to donate money or things for charity, his actions are motivated by virtuous traits. In business decision-making, he notes, such traits should be natural and instinctive, and only in such person will make really ethical decisions. Hume’s moral philosophy is distinct and exact. (Fieser 2006) For example, Hume clearly divides qualities into virtuous and vice. The natural virtues are meekness, generosity, charity and benevolence, whereas artificial or vice virtues are chastity, greediness, dishonesty, and keeping promises. It seems that Hume places qualities needed for a well-ordered states as artificial. I think that in such a way he wants to show that business and decision-making should natural and instinctive. Agents are provided with psychological roles, though in certain situation a person may refer to more than entrusted role. (Fieser 2006) David Hume concludes that there are four categories of qualities necessary for moral business running and decision-making: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualities useful for others: charity, fidelity, meekness, and benevolence; 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualities useful for oneself: patience and perseverance; 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualities agreeable to others: cleanliness, eloquence, and wit; 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualities agreeable to oneself: pride, humor, and self-esteem. Actually, David Hume discusses all the qualities which are considered the core of adequate business running. It is necessary to mention that to make really ethical decision means to use trained sensitivity to ethical issues. (Fieser 2006) References Fieser, Jame. (2006). Hume’s Moral Theory. Retrieved November 14, 2007, from http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humemora.htm               

Western Humanities Midterm Essay - 785 Words

Western Humanities Midterm Essay During the course I realized how large of a role art plays in helping create cultures and developing and preserving the history of civilizations. I find it interesting that when there’s no written history or any historical buildings, cultures will always make their own ancient past grander than what it really is. The Israelites, the Greeks and Romans all tell stories of their history that has no written proof. It seems that we as people want to have a connection to our roots and to understand where we come from. This is why I believe that most people want to believe in a higher power. I think that the timeline shows to some extent that art throughout history has been and still is the major form of†¦show more content†¦Until now, I didnt realize how much Islam influenced art and practically kick-started science. I learned that the Abbasid caliphs established the House of Wisdom, a center of leaning and science. They gathered manuscripts in Greek and Sanskrit along with scholars who could understand and translate them from the areas that they conquered. The Abbasids were the first ones to study and translate important Greek and Indian mathematical book like Euclids geometry text the Elements. They adopted a very Greek approach to mathematics of formulating theorems precisely and proving them formally in Euclids ways. Islamists wrote many influential books on mathematics of algebra that we still use today. One of the books described how to write numbers in calculations using the place-value decimal system which is what we use today. This concept was developed in India in A.D. 600’s which was translated and adopted by Arabic mathematicians. About 300 years later this book was translated into Latin and it became the major source for European academics to learn the new system. This system is known as the Hindu-Arabic system which is taught to schoolchildren around the world. It’s amazing that a system of calculations was brought to Europe from practically the other side of the world. I wonder how long it would have taken to figure out the same system without Muslim involvement. I find it fascinating how almost a millennia agoShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of The Trinity9485 Words   |  38 PagesTrinity with the â€Å"social model† to discover the strengths and weaknesses of each. Exploration of the theology of Jan Van Ruusbroec and Jonathan Edwards will highlight an alternative â€Å"hybrid model.† Global perspectives on the Trinity will illumine Western predispositions and encourage widened cultural perspectives that might further animate the mystery. The course will conclude by looking at post-modern questions that arise in response to the Trinitarian mystery. Ultimately, Christian identity isRead MoreCultural Comparison - Russia and US Education6674 Words   |  27 Pagesfrom admission to diploma takes 2–4 years. 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Du Bois, whose essays urged African Americans to preserve their heritage and to reject integration into the white community. Langstons favorite newspaper was the Chicago Defender, which published stories about racially motivated lynchings and other injustices. His favorite